{"aaData": [["SUPERFICIAL INCISIONAL SSI", "", "
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\n - At least one of the following signs or symptoms of infection: pain\n or tenderness, localized swelling, redness, or heat and superficial\n incision is deliberately opened by the surgeon, unless incision is\n culture-negative. \n - Diagnosis of superficial incisional SSI by the surgeon or attending\n physician. \n \nDo not report the following conditions as SSI:\n - Stitch abscess (minimal inflammation and discharge confined to the\n points of suture penetration).\nSuperficial incisional SSI is an infection that occurs within 30 days \n - Infected burn wound.\n - Incisional SSI that extends into the fascial and muscle layers (see\n deep incisional SSI).\nafter the operation and infection involves only skin or subcutaneous \ntissue of the incision and at least one of the following:\n \n - Purulent drainage, with or without laboratory confirmation, from the\n superficial incision.\n - Organisms isolated from an aseptically obtained culture of fluid or\n tissue from the superficial incision. \n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\n \n2. Two of the following: fever (>38 degrees C), urgency, frequency,\n dysuria, or suprapubic tenderness AND any of the following:\n - Dipstick test positive for leukocyte esterase and/or nitrate\n - Pyuria (>10 WBCs/cc or >3 WBC/hpf of unspun urine)\n - Organisms seen on Gram stain of unspun urine\n - Two urine cultures with repeated isolation of the same uropathogen\n with >100 colonies/ml urine in non-voided specimen\n - Urine culture with <100,000 colonies/ml urine of single\n uropathogen in patient being treated with appropriate\nPostoperative symptomatic urinary tract infection must meet one of the \n antimicrobial therapy\n - Physician's diagnosis\n - Physician institutes appropriate antimicrobial therapy\nfollowing TWO criteria:\n \n1. One of the following: fever (>38 degrees C), urgency, frequency,\n dysuria, or suprapubic tenderness AND a urine culture of >100,000\n colonies/ml urine with no more than two species of organisms\n \nOR\n\n
\nPostoperative distress requiring treatment and diagnosis of CHF or\npulmonary edema or Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome.\n\n
\nVASQIP Definitions (2011):\n 3) symptomatic duration of 24-72 hours\n 4) symptomatic duration >72 hours\nIndicate if the patient developed a new neurologic deficit with onset \nimmediately post-operatively or occurring within the 30 days after \nsurgery. Neurologic deficits are defined as an embolic, thrombotic, \nor hemorrhagic vascular accident or stroke with motor, sensory, or\ncognitive dysfunction (e.g., hemiplegia, hemiparesis, aphasia, sensory\ndeficit, impaired memory). Indicate the duration as follows:\n 1) no symptoms\n 2) symptomatic duration less than 24 hours\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2011): Indicate if either postoperatively or \nwithin 30 days of surgery there was a significantly decreased level \nof consciousness (exclude transient disorientation or psychosis) for\ngreater than or equal to 24 hours as evidenced by lack of response to\ndeep, painful stimuli.. Do not include drug-induced coma (e.g. \nPropofol drips, etc.)\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2007):\nPeripheral nerve damage may result from damage to the nerve fibers, \ncell body, or myelin sheath during surgery. Peripheral nerve injuries\nwhich result in motor deficits only to the cervical plexus, brachial\nplexus, ulnar plexus, lumbar-sacral plexus (sciatic nerve), peroneal\nnerve, and/or the femoral nerve should be included.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\nAny transfusion (including autologous) of packed red blood cells or \nwhole blood given from the time the patient leaves the operating room \nup to and including 72 hours postoperatively. Report as an occurrence\nfor five or more units of packed red blood cell in the postoperative\nperiod including hanging blood from the OR that is finished outside\nof the OR. If the patient receives shed blood, autologous blood, cell\nsaver blood or pleurovac postoperatively, this is counted if greater\nthan four units. The blood may be given for any reason.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2011): Indicate if there was any cardiac arrest \none appropriate response:\n- intraoperatively: occurring while patient was in the operating room\n- postoperatively: occurring after patient left the operating room\nrequiring external or open cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) \noccurring in the operating room, ICU, ward, or out-of-hospital after \nthe chest had been completely closed and within 30 days of surgery.\nPatients with AICDs that fire but the patient does not lose \nconsciousness should be excluded.\n \nIf patient had cardiac arrest requiring CPR, indicate whether the \narrest occurred intraoperatively or postoperatively. Indicate the \n\n
\nVASQIP Definition (2014): \n [preferably cardiac troponin (cTn)] with at least one value above \n the 99th percentile Upper Reference Limit (URL) AND at least one \n of the following:\n a. Symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia\n b. New or presumed new significant ST-segment-T wave (ST-T) changes \n c. New left bundle branch block (LBBB).\n d. Development of pathological Q waves in the ECG\n e. Imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium \n f. New regional wall motion abnormality\n g. Identification of an intracoronary thrombus by angiography or\nIndicate the presence of a peri-operative MI that occurs either \n autopsy \n2. Cardiac death with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia and\n presumed new ischemic ECG changes or new LBBB, but death occurred\n before cardiac biomarkers were obtained, or before cardiac \n biomarker values would be increased.\n \n3. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) related MI is arbitrarily \n defined by elevation of cTn values (>5x 99th percentile URL) in\n patients with normal baseline values (<99th percentile URL) or a \n rise of cTn values >20% if the baseline values are elevated and \nintraoperatively or postoperatively within 30 days: The term acute \n are stable or falling,\n AND at least one of the following:\n a. Symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia\n b. Presumed new ischemic ECG changes \n c. Angiographic findings consistent with a procedural complication \n d. Imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium \n e. New regional wall motion abnormality \n \n4. Stent thrombosis associated with MI when detected by coronary \n angiography or autopsy in the setting of myocardial ischemia and \nMI should be used when there is evidence of myocardial necrosis in a\n with a rise and/or fall of cardiac biomarker values with at least \n one value above the 99th percentile URL.\n \n5. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) related MI is arbitrarily \n defined by elevation of cardiac biomarker values (>10x 99th \n percentile URL) in patients with normal baseline cTn values \n (<99th percentile URL),\n AND at least one of the following\n a. Development of pathological Q waves in the ECG\n b. New LBBB \nclinical setting consistent with acute myocardial ischemia. Under \n c. Angiographic documented new graft or new native coronary \n artery occlusion\n d. Imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium \n e. New regional wall motion abnormality\nthese conditions any ONE of the following criteria meets the diagnosis \nfor MI:\n \n1. Detection of a rise and/or fall of cardiac biomarker values \n\n
\nThis category includes prolonged ileus or bowel obstruction. Ileus is\nobstruction of the intestines from a variety of causes including\nmechanical obstruction, peritonitis, adhesions, or post-surgically as a\nresult of functional dysmotility by the bowel. Bowel obstruction is any\nhindrance to the passage of the intestinal contents. Prolonged ileus or\nobstruction is defined as longer than 5 days postoperatively.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2015):\nAn extracardiac graft (including myocutaneous flaps or skin grafts) \nor prosthesis (including stents, mesh) is considered to have failed \nwhen it requires additional intervention via return to the operating \nroom or interventional radiology. Failures include those caused by an \ninfectious process or a mechanical issue.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2015):\n a surgeon when the patient has at least one of the following signs\n or symptoms: fever (>38 C), localized pain, or tenderness, unless\n site is culture-negative.\n - An abscess or other evidence of infection involving the deep \n incision is found on direct examination, during reoperation, or by \n histopathologic or radiologic examination.\n - Diagnosis of a deep incision SSI by a surgeon or attending \n physician.\n \nNOTE: Please consult with the operating surgeon for assignment of \nDeep Incision SSI is an infection that occurs within 30 days after the \norgan/space vs. deep wound infection occurrences. \noperation and the infection appears to be related to the operation and \ninfection involved deep soft tissues (e.g., fascial and muscle layers) \nof the incision and at least one of the following: \n \n - Purulent drainage from the deep incision but not from the \n organ/space component of the surgical site.\n - A deep incision spontaneously dehisces or is deliberately opened by\n\n
\nVASQIP Definition (2014):\nThe identification of a new blood clot or thrombus within the deep \nvenous system of an extremity, which may be coupled with inflammation. \nThis does not include intra-parenchymal clots of solid organs or free\nintra-peritoneal clots. This diagnosis is confirmed by a duplex, \nvenogram, CT scan or other imaging modality. The patient must be \ntreated with or have documented recommendation for: therapeutic\nanti-coagulation therapy OR placement of a vena cava filter OR \nclipping of the vena cava.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\nEnter any other surgical occurrences which you feel to be significant\nand that are not covered by the predefined occurrence categories. This \noccurrence category should have an accompanying ICD Diagnosis code.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2014):\nSeparation of the skin and musculofascial layers of a surgical wound \n(any surgical site whether primary or secondary, e.g. vein harvest\nincision), which may be partial or complete.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\nIndicate if the chart documents that active endocarditis was present \nwithin 30 days postoperatively. Endocarditis is defined as any \npostoperative intracardiac infection (usually on a valve) documented \nby two or more positive blood cultures with the same organism, and/or \ndevelopment of vegetations and valve destruction seen by echo or \nrepeat surgery, and/or histologic evidence of infection at repeat \nsurgery or autopsy. Patients with preoperative endocarditis who have \nthe above evidence of persistent infection should be included.\n\n
\nThis includes patient's that have had a postoperative cardiac index of\nless than 2.0 L/min/M2 and/or peripheral manifestations (e.g. oliguria) of\nlow cardiac output present for 6 or more hours following surgery requiring\ninotropic and/or intra-aortic ballon pump support.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\nIndicate if the patient developed a bacterial infection involving the \nsternum or deep to the sternum requiring drainage and anti-microbial \ntherapy diagnosed within 30 days after surgery.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\nIndicate if there was any re-exploration of the thorax for suspected \nbleeding within 30 days of surgery.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2014):\n utilizing CPB.\nOff-bypass - patient underwent a repeat cardiac surgical procedure not \n utilizing CPB.\nIndicate the CPB status if the patient underwent a repeat operation on \nthe heart after the patient had left the operating room from the \ninitial operation and within current hospitalization or within 30 days\nof the initial operation. Indicate the one appropriate response:\n \nNone - no repeat cardiac surgical procedure post-operatively \n within 30 days of initial operation.\nOn-bypass - patient underwent a repeat cardiac surgical procedure \n\n
\nThis includes any new objective neurologic deficit lasting 30 minutes or\nmore with onset intraoperatively or occurring within 30 days following\nsurgery.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\nEnter any other respiratory occurrences that you feel to be significant\nand that are not covered by the predefined respiratory occurrence\ncategories. This occurrence category should have an accompanying ICD \nDiagnosis code.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2014):\n drainage, ruptured bowel with free air, etc.); a positive culture \n from any site thought to be causative; or specialized laboratory\n evidence of causative infection (such as viral DNA in blood).\n AND\n the presence of two or more of the following systemic responses:\n Temperature > 38 degrees C or < 36 degrees C\n HR > 90 beats/minute\n RR > 20 breaths /minute or PaCO2 < 32 mmHg \n WBC > 12,000 cell/mm3, < 4,000cells/mm3, or > 10% immature \n neutrophils ("bands")\nSepsis is a vast clinical entity that takes a variety of forms. The \n \no Severe Sepsis/Septic Shock: Sepsis is considered severe when it \n is associated with organ and/or circulatory dysfunction. \n Terminology such as Severe Sepsis/Septic Shock/Refractory Septic \n Shock/Refractory Septic Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction \n Syndrome (MODS) all fall into this category.\n \n Answer YES if the definition of SEPSIS is present AND there is\n documented organ and/or circulatory dysfunction defined by one or more\n of the following:\nspectrum of disorders spans from relatively mild physiologic \n - Areas of acutely mottled skin not related to peripheral vascular \n disease\n - Capillary refilling requires three seconds or longer not\n related to peripheral vascular disease\n - Urine output <0.5 mL/kg for at least one hour, or renal \n replacement therapy\n - Lactate >2 mmol/L \n - Abrupt change in mental status\n - Abnormal EEG findings\n - Platelet count < 100,000 platelets/mL\nabnormalities to septic shock. Please report the most significant level\n - Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)\n - Acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)\n - New cardiac dysfunction as defined by ECHO or direct measurement \n of the cardiac index\n - An arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP) of =90 mm Hg or a mean \n arterial pressure (MAP) =70 mm Hg for at least 1 hour despite \n adequate fluid resuscitation, adequate intravascular volume status,\n or the need for vasopressors to maintain SBP >=90 mm Hg or \n MAP >=70 mm Hg.\n \nusing the criteria below:\n For the patient that had sepsis preoperatively, continuation of \n the preoperatively identified signs postoperatively would not be\n reported as a new postoperative sepsis. Worsening of the preope-\n ratively identified signs would be reported as a new postoperative\n sepsis.\n \no Sepsis is the systemic response to infection.\n Answer YES if both of the following criteria are met:\n Clinical documentation of infection (such as wound with purulent \n\n\nDefinition Revised (2004):\nEnter any other neurologic related occurrences, which you feel to be \nsignificant and that are not covered by the predefined CNS occurrence\ncategories. This occurrence category should have an accompanying ICD \nDiagnosis code.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\nEnter any other urinary occurrences which you feel to be significant \nand that are not covered by the predefined urinary tract occurrence\ncategories. This occurrence category should have an accompanying ICD \nDiagnosis code.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\nEnter any other cardiac related surgical occurrences which you feel to \nbe significant and that are not covered by the predefined cardiac\noccurrence categories. This occurrence category should have an \naccompanying ICD Diagnosis code.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\nIndicate if a procedure to cut into the trachea and insert a tube to \novercome tracheal obstruction or to facilitate extended mechanical \nventilation was performed within 30 days of surgery.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2014):\n within 30 days of the procedure.\nIf patient required new IABP, VAD, TAH, ECMO, or MULTIPLE DEVICES\nfor mechanical circulatory support, indicate using the menu prompts\nwhether the placement occurred intraoperatively or postoperatively \nwithin 30 days. You will also be prompted for device type(s).\n \nIndicate the one appropriate response:\n - intraoperatively: occurring while patient was in the operating room.\n - postoperatively: occurring after patient left the operating room \n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2015):\n - Organisms isolated from an aseptically obtained culture of fluid or \n tissue in the organ/space. \n - An abscess or other evidence of infection involving the organ/space \n that is found on direct examination, during reoperation, or by \n histopathologic or radiologic examination. \n - Diagnosis of an organ/space SSI by a surgeon or attending physician. \n \nNOTE: Please consult with the operating surgeon for assignment of \norgan/space vs. deep wound infection occurrences. \nOrgan/Space SSI is an infection that occurs within 30 days after the \noperation and the infection appears to be related to the operation and \nthe infection involves any part of the anatomy (e.g., organs or spaces), \nother than the incision, which was opened or manipulated during an \noperation and at least one of the following:\n \n - Purulent drainage from a drain that is placed through a stab wound \n into the organ/space. \n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\nEnter any other wound occurrences that you feel to be significant and \nthat are not covered by the predefined wound occurrence categories. \nThis occurrence category should have an accompanying ICD Diagnosis \ncode.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2008)\nsupport.\nIndicate if the patient was placed on ventilator support \npostoperatively within 30 days and this repeat ventilator support\nis related to the index operation (For example, the patient is on\nthe ventilator intra-op and immediately post-op. Then patient is\nweaned and the ventilator is discontinued. Later, the patient gets\ninto trouble and mechanical ventilation has to be reinstated.) \nHowever, if the patient returns to the OR within 30 days and gets\nextubated immediately after, it is not considered repeat ventilator\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2008):\nC. difficile-associated disease occurs when the normal intestinal\nflora is altered, allowing C. difficile to flourish in the intestinal\ntract and produce a toxin that causes a watery diarrhea. C. difficile\ndiarrhea is confirmed by the presence of a toxin in a stool specimen. \nAnswer yes only if you have a positive culture for C. difficile and/or\na toxin assay and diagnosis of C. difficile documented in the chart.\n\n
\nVASQIP Definition (2010):\nIndicate whether the patient had a new onset of atrial \nfibrillation/flutter (AF) requiring treatment. Does not include \nrecurrence of AF which had been present preoperatively.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2007):\n Rales or dullness to percussion on physical examination of chest AND\n any of the following:\n a. New onset of purulent sputum or change in character of sputum\n b. Organism isolate from blood culture\n c. Isolation of pathogen from specimen obtained by transtracheal\n aspirate, bronchial brushing, or biopsy\n \n OR\n \nCriterion 2.\nInflammation of the lungs caused primarily by bacteria, viruses, and/or\n Chest radiographic examination shows new or progressive infiltrate, \n consolidation, cavitation, or pleural effusion AND any of the \n following:\n a. New onset of purulent sputum or change in character of sputum\n b. Organism isolated from blood culture\n c. Isolation of pathogen from specimen obtained by transtracheal \n aspirate, bronchial brushing, or biopsy\n d. Isolation of virus or detection of viral antigen in respiratory\n secretions\n e. Diagnostic single antibody titer (IgM) or fourfold increase in\nchemical irritants, usually manifested by chills, fever, pain in the\n paired serum samples (IgG) for pathogen\n f. Histopathologic evidence of pneumonia\n \n*If pneumonia was present preoperatively and resolved postoperatively \nand a new pneumonia is identified within 30 days after surgery, the\nfollowing criteria must be met in order to report as a postoperative\npneumonia occurrence:\n - Patient must have completed the antibiotic course for the \n previous pneumonia.\n - Patient must have evidence of a clear chest x-ray after the \nchest, cough, purulent, bloody sputum. Report as an occurrence if the\n previous pneumonia and prior to the new pneumonia.\n - There must be evidence of a new isolate of micro-organism on \n culture.\npatient has pneumonia meeting the definition of pneumonia below AND\npneumonia not present preoperatively.\n \nPneumonia must meet one of the following TWO criteria:\nCriterion 1.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2015):\n \nb. UTI Signs/Symptoms: Fever\n Yes = Patient has a fever > 38C at the time of culture or onset \n of symptoms\n No = Patient does not have a fever > 38C at the time of culture \n or onset of signs or symptoms\n \nc. UTI Signs/Symptoms: Tenderness\n Yes = Patient has suprapubic tenderness, costovertebral angle \n pain or tenderness with no other recognized cause\nSYMPTOMATIC UTI - CULTURE plus SIGN/SYMPTOM within 1 calendar day of \n No = Patient does not have suprapubic tenderness, costovertebral \n angle pain or tenderness\n \nd. UTI Culture: (must choose 1 or 2)\n 1. Patient has a positive urine culture that is > 10^5 colony-\n forming units (CFU)/ml with no more than 2 species of \n microorganisms\n \n 2. A positive urine culture of >=10^3 and <10^5 colony-forming \n units (CFU)/ml with no more than 2 species of microorganisms \neach other:\n plus one of the following three items: a) positive dipstick for\n leukocyte esterase and/or nitrate; b) Pyuria (urine specimen \n with > 10 white blood cell [WBC]/mm3 of unspun urine or > 3 \n WBC high-power field of spun urine) or c) microorganisms seen \n of Gram's stain of unspun urine\n \nINDWELLING URETHRAL CATHETER\nAt the time of specimen collection for suspected urinary tract infection \nduring the post-operative 30 day period, answer the following about \nindwelling urethral catheter:\n \n \nI) IN PLACE > 2 calendar days on the day of UTI Signs/Symptoms and UTI \nCulture sample.\n \nR) RECENTLY REMOVED, had been in place > 2 calendar days but removed the \nday of or the day before UTI Signs/Symptoms and UTI Culture sample.\n \nS) SHORT DURATION, present at the time of UTI Signs/Symptoms and UTI \nCulture sample but had not been present > 2 calendar days.\n \na. UTI Signs/Symptoms: Urg/Freq/Dys\nD) DISTANT REMOVAL, placed in the perioperative period and present >2 \ncalendar days, but removed >2 calendar days prior to UTI Signs/Symptoms \nand UTI Culture sample.\n \nN) NO CATHETER, did not have an indwelling urethral catheter > 2 calendar \ndays\n Yes = Patient has urgency, frequency, or dysuria with no other\n recognized cause\n No = Patient does not complain of urgency, frequency or dysuria OR\n has a catheter in place\n\n
\nVASQIP Definition (2014):\ntime after their surgery is considered an occurrence.\nIndicate if ventilator support required within 30 days after initial \npost-operative extubation: If the patient was placed on ventilator \nsupport postoperatively for any reason within 30 days AND occurred \nduring the same admission in-hospital. (For example, the patient is \non the ventilator intra-op and immediately post-op. Then patient is \nweaned and the ventilator is discontinued. Later, the patient gets \ninto trouble and mechanical ventilation has to be reinstated.) In \npatients who were not intubated during surgery, intubation at any \n\n
\nVASQIP Definition (2015):\nPatient required unplanned placement of an endotracheal tube or other\nsimilar breathing tube out of the operating room for ventilator support \nwithin 30 days following surgery regardless of cause. This definition\nincludes:\n 1) patients re-intubated out of the operating room following planned \n extubation and\n 2) patients who self-extubate out of the operating room and were not \n immediately re-intubated.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2007):\n - Placement of mechanical interruption (e.g. Greenfield Filter), for\n patients in whom anticoagulation is contraindicated or already \n instituted.\nLodging of a blood clot in a pulmonary artery with subsequent \nobstruction of blood supply to the lung parenchyma. The blood clots \nusually originate from the deep leg veins or the pelvic venous system.\nEnter "YES" if the patient has a V-Q scan interpreted as high \nprobability of pulmonary embolism or a positive pulmonary arteriogram \nor positive CT angiogram or positive Spiral CT exam. Treatment usually\nconsists of:\n - Initiation of anticoagulation therapy\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2015): \nTotal duration of ventilator-assisted respirations during postoperative\nhospitalization after leaving the OR was >48 hours. \nThis can occur at any time during the 30-day period postoperatively.\nThis time assessment is CUMULATIVE, not necessarily consecutive.\nVentilator-assisted respirations can be via endotracheal tube, \nnasotracheal tube, or tracheostomy tube. This definition also applies if \nthe patient was on the ventilator preoperatively and remained on the \nventilator postoperatively > 48 hours.\n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\nPatient required placement of an endotracheal tube and mechanical or \nassisted ventilation because of the onset of respiratory or cardiac \nfailure manifested by severe respiratory distress, hypoxia, \nhypercarbia, or respiratory acidosis. In patients who were intubated \nfor their surgery, unplanned intubation occurs after they have been \nextubated after surgery. In patients who were not intubated during \nsurgery, intubation at any time after their surgery is considered \nunplanned. \n\n
\nDefinition Revised (2004):\nThe reduced capacity of the kidney to perform its function as evidenced\nby a rise in creatinine of >2 mg/dl from preoperative value, but with\nno requirement for dialysis.\n\n
\nVASQIP Definition (2011): \n \nTIP: If the patient refuses dialysis, report as an occurrence because \nhe/she did require dialysis.\nIndicate if the patient developed new renal failure requiring renal\nreplacement therapy or experienced an exacerbation of preoperative\nrenal failure requiring initiation of renal replacement therapy (not on\nrenal replacement therapy preoperatively) within 30 days\npostoperatively. Renal replacement therapy is defined as venous to\nvenous hemodialysis [CVVHD], continuous venous to arterial hemodialysis\n[CVAHD], peritoneal dialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration or\nultrafiltration.\n\n